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Spain, Music

2005-03-18T21:10:00.000-08:00

The influence of the past was particularly strong in the field of music. Composers such as Isaac Albéniz (1860–1909), Enrique Granados (1867–1916), Manuel de Falla (1876–1946), and Joaquín Rodrigo (b. 1901) drew heavily on popular and regional music for their inspiration. One by-product of this was the creation of a serious musical repertoire for the guitar. The instrument gained additional stature from the

Zalau

2005-03-17T19:42:00.000-08:00

Town, capital of Salaj judet (county), northwestern Romania. It is located in an isolated part of the country on the northwestern slopes of the Mezes Mountains. It is the terminal of a branch line railway and a local market centre for the district's agricultural produce. A furniture factory in Zalau uses timber from the surrounding hills. The town has an archaeological museum

Domestic Shorthair

2005-03-14T06:31:00.000-08:00

Also called British Shorthair breed of domestic cat often referred to as a common, or alley, cat; a good show animal, however, is purebred and pedigreed and has been carefully bred to conform to a set standard of appearance. The domestic shorthair is required by show standards to be a sturdily built cat with strong-boned legs and a round head with round eyes and ears that are rounded at the tips. The coat

Sacred Kingship, The king as judge

2005-03-13T15:42:00.000-08:00

From earliest times, in addition to other functions, the chief was the judge of his tribe; he personified the protection that the community provided for the individual. Providing for a balance of power in the community, mediating quarrels, and protecting individual rights, the chief or king was the lawgiver and the highest administrator for all community affairs.

Literature, Spain.

2005-03-11T23:52:00.000-08:00

Juan Marsé won the National Prize for Narrative with Rabos de lagartija (2000), another

Saavedra (ramírez De Baquendano), ángel De, Duque De Rivas

2005-03-09T17:06:00.000-08:00

After entering politics Saavedra was condemned to death in 1823 for his extreme liberal views. He fled to London and lived subsequently in Italy,

Computers, Workstation computers

2005-03-06T20:00:00.000-08:00

While the personal computer market grew and matured, a variation on its theme grew out of university labs and began to threaten the minicomputers for their market. The new machines were called workstations. They looked like personal computers, and they sat on a single desktop and were used by a single individual just like personal computers, but they were distinguished

Indre River

2005-03-04T19:39:00.000-08:00

River, west-central France, a left-bank tributary of the Loire River. Rising on the northern flanks of the Massif Central, it flows 165 miles (265 km) northwestward through Indre and Indre-et-Loire départements, joining the Loire northwest of Chinon and draining a basin of about 5,200 square miles (13,500 square km). It flows exclusively through agricultural regions, crossing La Châtre, and

Ma'an

2005-03-03T13:39:00.000-08:00

Town, southern Jordan. It is a regional trade centre for the sparsely settled southern part of the country, which is inhabited mainly by the Huwaytat and other Bedouin tribes. Ma'an is the chief road and rail junction of southern Jordan. The town lies on the Hejaz-Jordan Railway, which runs north-south and connects to Damascus (Syria) in the north. The part of the rail line south

Muktafi, Al-

2005-02-28T14:06:00.000-08:00

The son of al-Mu'tadid, al-Muktafi ascended to the throne in 902 with somewhat more popular support than his predecessors, thanks to his liberal rule and abolition of dungeons in Baghdad. He immediately faced battle with the Qarmatians, a schismatic

David Ap Gruffudd

2005-02-26T21:35:00.000-08:00

David's grandfather, Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, had made Gwynedd the centre of Welsh power. After failing to prevent his brother, Llywelyn ap

'abd Allah Ibn Al-'abbas

2005-02-24T22:12:00.000-08:00

In the early struggles for the caliphate, Ibn 'Abbas supported 'Ali and was rewarded with the governorship of Basra. Subsequently he defected and withdrew to Mecca. During the reign of Mu'awiyah he lived in the Hejaz, but frequently travelled to Damascus,

O Dalaigh, Cearbhall

2005-02-22T14:32:00.000-08:00

Son of parents active in the struggle for Irish independence, O Dalaigh studied at University College, Dublin, earning a degree in Celtic studies in 1931. He was an Irish-language editor on The Irish Press (1931–42), meanwhile becoming a lawyer (1935). In 1945 he became Ireland's

Garba, Joseph Nanven

2005-02-20T11:41:00.000-08:00

Nigerian military officer and diplomat (b. July 17, 1943, Langtang, Nigeria—d. June 1, 2002, Abuja, Nigeria), participated in the 1975 bloodless coup that deposed Gen. Yakubu Gowon as head of state, then served as external affairs commissioner (foreign minister) until 1978 and as Nigeria's ambassador to the UN (1984–89). Garba studied public administration at Harvard University (1982–83). A committed pan-Africanist,

Insurance, Russia

2005-02-18T10:16:00.000-08:00

Insurance in Russia was nationalized after the Russian Revolution of 1917. Domestic insurance in the Soviet Union was offered by a single agency, Gosstrakh, and insurance on foreign risks by a companion company, Ingosstrakh. Ingosstrakh continues to insure foreign-owned property in Russia and Russian-owned property abroad. It accepts reinsurance from foreign insurers.

Murcia

2005-02-14T03:30:00.000-08:00

Independent Muslim (Moorish) kingdom centred on the city of Murcia (Arabic: Mursiyah), Spain. It came into being on two occasions: first in the 11th century, following the disintegration of the Spanish Umayyad caliphate; and again in the 12th century, as part of the Spanish Muslim reaction against the rule of the North African Almoravids. The kingdom's first ruler, 'Abd ar-Rahman

Anastasius Ii

2005-02-12T06:53:00.000-08:00

In notifying the Byzantine emperor Anastasius I of his accession, Anastasius expressed a conciliatory attitude toward the late patriarch Acacius of Constantinople, who had been deposed and excommunicated in 484 by Pope St. Felix III. The Acacian Schism resulted from this act. The pope's reception of the Byzantine deacon Photinus,

Jackson

2005-02-11T10:02:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1832) of Jackson county, south-central Michigan, U.S. It lies along the Grand River, 73 miles (117 km) west of Detroit. Settled in 1829 at the meeting point of several Indian trails, it was named for President Andrew Jackson and was known successively as Jacksonburgh, Jacksonopolis, and finally Jackson in 1833. The Republican Party held its first convention on July 6, 1854, in Jackson. The city

Ariadne

2005-02-08T01:04:00.000-08:00

In Greek mythology, daughter of Pasiphae and the Cretan king Minos. She fell in love with the Athenian hero Theseus and, with a thread or glittering jewels, helped him escape the Labyrinth after he slew the Minotaur, a beast half bull and half man that Minos kept in the Labyrinth. Here the legends diverge: she was abandoned by Theseus and hanged herself; Theseus carried

Landa, Diego De

2005-02-06T02:35:00.000-08:00

Landa was born to a noble family and when quite young joined the Franciscans (1541). His religious fervour manifested itself early, and he asked to be sent as a missionary to the New World. Once in Mexico he tried to help the Indians, who

Biblical Literature, The two- and four-source hypotheses

2005-02-05T01:39:00.000-08:00

The two-source hypothesis is predicated upon the following observations: Matthew and Luke used Mark, both for its narrative material as well as for the basic structural outline of chronology of Jesus' life. Matthew and Luke use a second source, which is called Q (from German Quelle, “source”), not extant, for the sayings (logia) found in common in both of them. Thus, Mark and Q

China, The chief councillors

2005-02-02T21:54:00.000-08:00

The later Nan Sung emperors preferred not to take on the awesome burden of managing the huge and complex bureaucracy. Most of them were concerned chiefly with security and the status quo. The Nan Sung court delegated a tremendous amount of power and thus had a series of dominant chief councillors; none of them, however, ever was a potential usurper. No bureaucrat during

Joyce, James

2005-01-31T01:23:00.000-08:00

In full James Augustine Aloysius Joyce Irish novelist noted for his experimental use of language and exploration of new literary methods in such large works of fiction as Ulysses (1922) and Finnegans Wake (1939).

Wajda, Andrzej

2005-01-30T13:44:00.000-08:00

Wajda became interested in the visual arts when working as assistant to a restorer of old church paintings in Radom. He studied painting at the Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków, then film

Henri, Robert

2005-01-28T19:02:00.000-08:00

Henri studied at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, from 1884 to 1888, and at both the Académie Julian and the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. Upon

Cumberland Presbyterian Church

2005-01-26T19:51:00.000-08:00

Denomination organized in 1810 by a group of Presbyterians on the Kentucky–Tennessee frontier who left the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. The immediate cause of the separation was a religious revival in the Kentucky area (1799–1802) that brought many converts into the church and led to a shortage of ordained ministers. The Cumberland Presbytery of the Presbyterian Church in

Tableware

2005-01-23T01:19:00.000-08:00

Utensils used at the table for holding, serving, and handling food and drink. Tableware includes various types of containers (known as hollowware, q.v.), spoons and forks (flatware, q.v.), knives (cutlery, q.v.), and a variety of dishes and accessories.

Ibn 'aqil

2005-01-21T11:00:00.000-08:00

In 1055–66 Ibn 'Aqil received instruction in Islamic law according to the tenets of the

Qalam

2005-01-20T00:00:00.000-08:00

Ancient reed pen still used in Arabic calligraphy and formerly used for all writing. The qalam was cut from between two nodes of the stem of a reed chosen for its straight fibres. As thick as a finger and 8 or 10 inches (20 or 25 cm) long, the reed segment was soaked and sun-dried, and a nib, somewhat resembling that of a steel pen, was fashioned by slicing off the thicker end at an angle

Paprika

2005-01-17T05:54:00.000-08:00

C. annuum is cultivated throughout most of the world for its pods, often called chili peppers, or chilies. The species includes most of

Metasomatic Replacement

2005-01-14T20:21:00.000-08:00

The process of simultaneous solution and deposition whereby one mineral replaces another. It is an important process in the formation of epigenetic mineral deposits (those formed after the formation of the host rock), in the formation of high- and intermediate-temperature hydrothermal ore deposits, and in supergene sulfide enrichment (enriched by generally

Hans Adam Ii, Prince Of Liechtenstein

2005-01-11T05:33:00.000-08:00

Along with his brothers and his sister, Hans Adam, the eldest son of Prince Francis Joseph II, spent his early youth in the castle of Vaduz, but he and his siblings were not isolated from the everyday life of the principality's citizens. He attended primary school in the town,

Balance Beam

2005-01-09T02:03:00.000-08:00

Gymnastics apparatus used in women's competition. It is a wooden beam 5 metres (16.4 feet) long, 10 cm (4 inches) wide, and raised 125 cm (4.1 feet) from the floor. The performer begins the exercise by mounting the beam by either a vault or a jump and executes movements that must include steps, running, jumps, turns, sitting positions, and some held, or posed, positions. The duration of the exercise

Sarian, Martiros (sergeevich)

2005-01-08T22:56:00.000-08:00

Sarian received training in painting at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture (1897–1904), where among his teachers were the noted realist artists Konstantin Korovin and Valentin Serov. Soon Sarian was exhibiting his

Durante, Francesco

2005-01-05T17:47:00.000-08:00

Durante studied in Rome and probably in Naples and in 1710 taught at the San Onofrio Conservatory. He was chapelmaster at the Conservatorio dei Poveri in Naples (1728–39) and from 1742 taught at the Santa Maria di Loreto Conservatory. In 1745 he succeeded L. Leo as principal

Anna Comnena

2005-01-03T21:42:00.000-08:00

Anna received a good education, studying, among other subjects, literature, philosophy, history, and geography. She married the

Caucasian Languages, Grammatical characteristics

2005-01-01T10:17:00.000-08:00

The Kartvelian languages exhibit a developed system of word inflection (e.g., the use of endings, such as English “dish, dishes” or “walk, walks, walked”) and derivation (word formation). Derivation is characterized by compounding, the combination of words to form new words, as well as by affixation, the addition of prefixes and suffixes—e.g., Georgian kartvel-i “Georgian,” sa-kartvel-o

Sha'nabi, Mount Ash-

2004-12-30T20:38:00.000-08:00

Arabic Jabal Ash-sha 'nabi, also spelled Djebel Chambi, mountain (5,066 feet [1,544 m]) that is the highest in Tunisia. It is part of a spur of the Tebéssa (Tabassah) Mountains, which are part of the Saharan Atlas Mountains. The mountain lies near the Algerian border, 6 miles (10 km) west-northwest of Al-Qasrayn (Kasserine).

Episcopacy

2004-12-27T00:27:00.000-08:00

In some Christian churches, the office of a bishop and the system of church government based on the three orders, or offices, of the ministry: bishops, priests, and deacons. The origins of episcopacy are obscure, but by the 2nd century AD it was becoming established in the main centres of Christianity. It was closely tied to the idea of apostolic succession, the belief that

Macaroni

2004-12-25T05:37:00.000-08:00

Small tubular form of pasta (q.v.).

Earth, Mountain building

2004-12-23T16:56:00.000-08:00

The mid-oceanic ridge system is located along divergent plate boundaries. This system is an undersea

Ukko

2004-12-20T19:57:00.000-08:00

In Finnish folk religion, the god of thunder, one of the most important deities. The name Ukko is derived from ukkonen, “thunder,” but it also means “old man” and is used as a term of respect. Ukko had his abode at the centre of the heavenly vault, the navel of the sky; hence he was often called Jumala, “Heaven God.” Ukko was believed to control rainfall and thus the fertility of the land,

Gregory, Horace

2004-12-18T02:48:00.000-08:00

Gregory began to write poetry while studying Latin in college, and he first contributed to periodicals in the early 1920s. Finding formal verse inadequate, he tried to combine the idiom of modern life with literary influences

Zonaras, Joannes

2004-12-16T00:03:00.000-08:00

After holding high office in Constantinople under Alexius I Comnenus, Zonaras became a monk and retired to a remote island. In Historical Epitome he drew on a rich collection of sources, some of which, notably several

Nation, The

2004-12-15T00:49:00.000-08:00

The Nation under Godkin was an eloquent and increasingly influential voice against Reconstruction excesses, graft

Rancé, Armand-jean Le Bouthillier De

2004-12-13T02:41:00.000-08:00

Of noble birth, Rancé became commendatory

East Aurora

2004-12-10T16:44:00.000-08:00

Village, Erie county, western New York, U.S. It lies 12 miles (19 km) southeast of Buffalo and, oddly enough, 90 miles (145 km) west of Aurora. Settled in 1804, it was incorporated as Willink in 1849 and as East Aurora in 1874. Inspired by the English designer William Morris and his communal Kelmscott Press, the editor and publisher Elbert Hubbard established the Roycroft Press in East Aurora in 1893; he later

Grand Guignol

2004-12-09T06:34:00.000-08:00

Short plays popular in Parisian cabarets in the 19th century, especially at the Théâtre du Grand Guignol. The plays emphasized violence, horror, and sadism. Although Grand Guignol was introduced into England about 1908, it remained essentially a Parisian theatrical form.

Madonie, Le

2004-12-06T07:18:00.000-08:00

Also called Monti Madonie, mountain range in Palermo provincia, northwest-central Sicily. The range extends for 30 miles (48 km) between the Torto River and the Nebrodi Mountains. Of limestone formation, its highest peaks are Antenna Peak, 6,480 feet (1,975 m), and Carbonara Peak, 6,493 feet (1,979 m). The Madonie is the source of several rivers and is known for its underground drainage system, which provides drinking water for

Edenderry

2004-12-04T19:30:00.000-08:00

Irish Éadan Doire market town, County Offaly, Ire., on the northern edge of the Bog of Allen. The town, including the Court House, was largely built by the marquesses of Downshire in the 18th and early 19th centuries. South of the town are the ruins of Peter Blundell's castle. There are many castles in the area, for Edenderry was located on the edge of the Pale, the medieval English enclave centred

Cimarosa, Domenico

2004-12-02T05:16:00.000-08:00

He began his career with the comic opera Le Stravaganze del

Children's Literature, Overview

2004-11-30T11:11:00.000-08:00

The French themselves are not happy with their record. Writing in the late 1940s, critic Jean de Trigon, in Histoire de la littérature enfantine, de ma Mère l'Oye au Roi Babar (Paris, Librairie Hachette, 1950) said: “The French have created little children's literature. They have received more than they have given, but they have assimilated, adapted, transformed. The two are not the same

Kunlun Mountains

2004-11-29T02:22:00.000-08:00

Despite the extreme climatic and topographic conditions, the Kunluns and adjacent areas support permanent and migratory populations. On the northern slopes are found Uighur, up from the oases, and occasional Mongols; and, south to the northern areas of Tibet, Tibetan pastoral nomads have commandeered large expanses of formerly abandoned steppe grazing lands.

Utrecht, Treaties Of

2004-11-25T17:23:00.000-08:00

France concluded treaties of peace at Utrecht with Britain, the Dutch republic, Prussia, Portugal, and Savoy. By the treaty with Britain (April 11), France recognized Queen

Irrawaddy River

2004-11-22T04:54:00.000-08:00

The peoples living on the river's banks are culturally diverse. On the upper reaches, the Kachin, who practice shifting agriculture, predominate. In the middle and lower basins, the Burmese are the dominant group, cultivating wheat, cotton, and oilseeds in the central dry zone and rice and jute to the south and in the delta region, where rainfall is more plentiful. Also

Coleraine

2004-11-20T20:02:00.000-08:00

Irish Cúil Raithin town, seat, and district (established 1973; formerly astride Counties Antrim and Londonderry), Northern Ireland. Coleraine town is located near the mouth of the River Bann. Flint implements dating back to nearly 7000 BC have been found in the vicinity; they provide the earliest evidence of human occupation in Ireland. The main town on the east bank radiates from a central square,

Metal Cut

2004-11-18T16:25:00.000-08:00

The English poet and artist William Blake (1757–1827) experimented with metal cuts, but the technique's greatest exponent was the Mexican

Haeju

2004-11-17T04:06:00.000-08:00

City, southwestern North Korea. Situated on Haeju Bay, facing the Yellow Sea, it is the only port on the west coast of North Korea that does not freeze over in winter. Haeju was the centre for trade with China until the Kyong-Ui rail line, constructed in 1906 from Seoul to Sinuiju, on the border with Manchuria, bypassed it. With the Chaeryong plain (a granary area) nearby and Yonp'yong Island

Andragoras

2004-11-14T07:42:00.000-08:00

Seleucid satrap (governor) of Parthia during the mid-3rd century. He apparently defied Seleucid imperial authority, which was weakly established in his area, and issued coins on which his image bore the royal diadem. After ruling only a few years, he was defeated and killed by Parni tribesmen from the Caspian steppes led by Arsaces, who later set up an independent kingdom

Encyclopedia Americana, The

2004-11-12T00:18:00.000-08:00

First published in 1829–33, with subsequent editions in 1911 (20 volumes) and 1918–20 (30 volumes), and thereafter continuously revised, Americana is international in scope and is known for its

Italy, The south, 7741000

2004-11-10T19:31:00.000-08:00

When Charlemagne conquered central and northern Italy, Duke Arichis II of Benevento (758–787) responded by titling himself princeps and claiming the legitimist tradition of the Lombards. Lombard princes then ruled in the south for 300 years, until the Norman Conquest. Arichis and his son Grimoald III (787–806) were powerful rulers who held off the Franks, even if Grimoald temporarily

Ahriman

2004-11-08T15:25:00.000-08:00

Avestan Angra Mainyu (“Destructive Spirit”) the evil spirit in the dualistic doctrine of Zoroastrianism. His essential nature is expressed in his principal epithet—Druj, “the Lie.” The Lie expresses itself as greed, wrath, and envy. To aid him in attacking the light, the good creation of Ahura Mazda, the Wise Lord, Ahriman created a horde of demons embodying envy and similar qualities. Despite the chaos and suffering

Perrers, Alice

2004-11-06T22:36:00.000-08:00

She belonged probably to the Hertfordshire family of Perrers, although it is also stated that she was of more humble birth. Before 1366 she had entered the service of Edward's queen, Philippa, and she appears later as the wife of Sir William de Windsor, deputy

Carnivore, Distinguishing taxonomic features

2004-11-04T05:10:00.000-08:00

The characteristics used to separate the Carnivora from other mammalian orders and to define the subdivisions of the Carnivora are primarily structural. Of great importance are certain features of the skull (the type of

Adams, Gerry

2004-11-02T10:42:00.000-08:00

Gerry Adams, Before the Dawn (1996), is an autobiography, and he discusses his goals in Free Ireland: Towards a Lasting Peace, rev. ed. (1995).

Peter The Great Bay

2004-11-01T01:19:00.000-08:00

Russian Zaliv Petra Velikogo, inlet, Sea of Japan, northwestern Pacific Ocean, in the Maritime (Primorye) region of far eastern Russia. The bay extends for 115 miles (185 km) from the mouth of the Tumen River (on the Russian-Chinese border) northeast across to Cape Povorotny. The bay reaches inland for 55 miles (88 km) and contains the port of Vladivostok, which is situated on the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula between

Spaniel

2004-10-27T20:37:00.000-07:00

The cocker spaniel is a small dog standing 14 to 15 inches (36 to 39 centimetres) and weighing 22 to 29 pounds (10 to 13 kilograms). Compact and sturdily built, it has a rounded head, floppy ears, and

Delibes, (clément-philibert-)léo

2004-10-25T00:59:00.000-07:00

French opera and ballet composer who was the first to write music of high quality for the ballet. His pioneering symphonic work for the ballet opened up a field for serious composers, and his influence can be traced in the work of Tchaikovsky and others who wrote for the dance. His own music—light, graceful, elegant, with a tendency

Delibes, (clément-philibert-)léo

2004-10-24T10:49:00.000-07:00

Organization formed in New York City in 1911 during a convention of state antisuffrage groups. Led by Josephine Dodge, the founder and first president, the NAOWS believed that woman suffrage would decrease women's work in communities and their ability to effect societal reforms. Active on a state and federal level, the group also established a newsletter, Woman's

Ibert, Jacques

2004-10-21T14:40:00.000-07:00

Ibert studied at the Paris Conservatory and in 1919 won the Prix de Rome for his cantata Le Poète et la fée (“The Poet and the Fairy”). In Rome he composed his most popular work, the symphonic suite Escales (1922; “Ports of Call”). From 1937 until 1960 Ibert was director

Professor Longhair

2004-10-20T11:39:00.000-07:00

His first and only hit song was “Bald Head,” recorded in 1950, but his compositions “Tipitina” and “Mardi Gras in New Orleans” have become anthems on the Mississippi River delta during carnival season. While he enjoyed only limited popularity

Coindre, André

2004-10-18T01:22:00.000-07:00

Coindre, in his formative years, witnessed the devastating aftermath of the persecution of the church conducted by

Baz, 'abd Al-aziz Ibn Abdallah Ibn

2004-10-15T18:54:00.000-07:00

Saudi Muslim cleric who as the grand mufti (from 1993) and traditionalist head of the Council of Senior Islamic Scholars (from the early 1960s) was revered by millions and exerted a powerful influence on the legal system in Saudi Arabia; the blind cleric's religious edicts, or fatwas, included prohibitions on fortune tellers, women driving cars, and the import of short veils that

Zala

2004-10-14T14:51:00.000-07:00

Megye (county), western Hungary. Zala has an area of 1,461 square miles (3,784 square km) and consists of wooded, undulating hill country. The Yugoslav border, partly defined by the Drava River, is on the southwest. There is a high incidence of soil erosion on the valley slopes, but along the valley floors are wet meadows and pastures. There has been some canalization of the rivers in Zala,

Aeschylus

2004-10-11T01:18:00.000-07:00

The Oresteia trilogy consists of three closely connected plays, all extant, that were presented in 458 BC. In Agamemnon the great Greek king of that name returns triumphant from the siege of Troy, along with his concubine, the Trojan prophetess Cassandra, only to be humiliated and murdered by his fiercely vengeful wife, Clytemnestra. She is driven to this act partly by a desire

Interior Design, Design procedure

2004-10-09T01:51:00.000-07:00

Professional interior-design assignments may range from the design of a small apartment to extremely large and complex jobs such as the planning and design of all of the floors in an office building or the design of all the spaces in a hotel or resort. The procedures vary somewhat from one job to the next and depend upon the size of the design organization, but the following

Indian Philosophy, The linguistic philosophies: Bhartrhari and Mandana-Misra

2004-10-08T02:35:00.000-07:00

The linguistic philosophers considered here are the grammarians led by Bhartrhari (7th century AD) and Mandana-Misra (8th century AD); the latter, reputed to be a disciple of Kumarila, held views widely different from the Mimamsakas. The grammarians share with the Mimamsakas their interest in the problems of language and meaning. But their own theories are so different that they cut at the

Atwater, Wilbur Olin

2004-10-06T02:07:00.000-07:00

Upon completing his undergraduate work at Wesleyan University in Middletown, Conn., Atwater continued his studies at Yale University, where his Ph.D. thesis discussed for the first time how chemical techniques could be applied to food. After further study in Germany,

Durand, Guillaume

2004-10-03T14:32:00.000-07:00

After receiving a doctorate in canon law at Bologna, Italy, Durand taught briefly there and later at Modena, Italy. Some time after 1260 he was appointed auditor (a judge commissioned to hear cases of appeal brought to the Holy See). At the second Council of Lyon (1274), he helped draft the statutes

Taravana Syndrome

2004-10-02T00:25:00.000-07:00

Form of decompression sickness that is most frequently seen in pearl divers in Japan and the Polynesian islands. These skin divers acquire their pearls by making breath-holding dives down to depths as great as 165 feet (about 50 m). During a day's work, they may make 60 to 100 dives in succession, with intervals of only a few seconds to two minutes between dives. The major symptoms of

'aqqad, 'abbas Mahmud Al-

2004-09-30T08:52:00.000-07:00

Born in modest circumstances, al-'Aqqad continued his education through reading when his formal schooling was cut short. He supported himself throughout most of his career by writing. An outspoken political commentator, he was

Argentina, The Dirty War and the Falklands dispute

2004-09-28T01:29:00.000-07:00

For vivid accounts of the Dirty War, see Andrew Graham-Yooll, A State of Fear: Memories of Argentina's Nightmare (1986); and Jacobo Timerman, Prisoner Without a Name, Cell Without a Number (1981, reprinted 1993; originally published in Spanish, 1981). Works on the Falkland Islands dispute and the war of 1982 include Raphael Perl, The Falkland Islands Dispute in International Law and Politics: A Documentary Sourcebook (1983); Alejandro Dabat and Luis Lorenzano, Argentina, the Malvinas, and the End of Military Rule (1984; originally published in Spanish, 1982); and Max Hastings and Simon Jenkins, The Battle for the Falklands (1983).

Nepenthales

2004-09-26T02:21:00.000-07:00

An order of carnivorous plants, belonging to the class Magnoliopsida, also called dicotyledon (characterized by two seed leaves). The order consists of three families: the Droseraceae, containing the sundews and the Venus's-flytrap; the Nepenthaceae, consisting of the Old World pitcher plants; and the Sarraceniaceae, containing the New World pitcher plants. All of

Land, Edwin Herbert

2004-09-23T11:04:00.000-07:00

While a student at Harvard University, Land became interested in polarized light, i.e., light in which all rays are aligned in the same plane.

Amb

2004-09-21T14:44:00.000-07:00

Small frontier state, central North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. It became part of Pakistan in 1947 and lies on the west bank of the Indus River, 15 miles (24 km) north of the Tarbela Dam and northwest of Abbottabad. Apart from Amb, the main township, the state now consists of only three villages. The residence of the ruler (nawab), formerly at Amb, is now at Darband. The state is mainly

Alaska, Health and welfare

2004-09-20T00:56:00.000-07:00

Medical and health clinics and hospitals available to the general public are provided by municipal and borough governments or private

Allen, Richard

2004-09-18T14:46:00.000-07:00

Soon after Allen was born, to slave parents, the family was sold to a Delaware farmer. At age 17 he became a Methodist convert and at 22 was permitted to preach. Two years later (1784), at the first general conference of the

Cairo, Climate

2004-09-15T21:50:00.000-07:00

The typical desert climate contrasts daytime dry heat with cool nights freshened by Nile breezes. Cairo has only two seasons: approximately eight months of summer and four months of winter. In the hottest of the summer months—June, July, and August—the average daily maximum temperature is 95 °F (35 °C), and the average daily minimum is 70 °F (21 °C). The summer temperature has reached as

Heinrich Von Morungen

2004-09-14T20:12:00.000-07:00

A native of Thuringia, he spent much of his later life in the service of Duke Dietrich of Meissen. His poems, of which some 33 are to be found in the Heidelberg manuscript, are all devoted to the fashionable cult of love. His poems show more originality and spontaneity than those

Grafström, Gillis

2004-09-12T09:29:00.000-07:00

Grafström won his first gold medal at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium, despite breaking

Tunisia, Soils

2004-09-10T01:47:00.000-07:00

Tunisia's most fertile soils are found in the well-watered intermontane valleys in the north, where rich sandy clay soils formed from alluvium or soils high in lime content cover the valley bottoms and plains. Aside from these and from the plains of the High Steppe region, where some clay soils of medium fertility may be found, soils in the rest of the country tend to

Aranda

2004-09-07T18:41:00.000-07:00

Also spelled Arunta, Aboriginal tribe that originally occupied a region of 25,000 square miles (65,000 square km) in central Australia, along the upper Finke River and its tributaries. The Aranda were divided into five subtribes, which were marked by differences in dialect. In common with other Aborigines, the Aranda were greatly reduced in number during the first 70 years of contact with whites, but

Detective Story

2004-09-03T18:08:00.000-07:00

The traditional elements of the detective story are: (1) the seemingly perfect crime; (2) the wrongly accused suspect at whom circumstantial evidence points; (3) the bungling of dim-witted police; (4) the greater powers of observation and superior mind of the detective;

Indian Museum

2004-09-01T11:23:00.000-07:00

In Calcutta, oldest museum in India and one of the most comprehensive in the Orient; its collections depict the cultural history of India from prehistoric to Muslim times. The present building, opened in 1875, comprises sections devoted to geology, zoology, industry, archaeology, art, and ethnology. The coin room contains the largest collection of Indian coins in the

Zuiderzee

2004-08-31T03:37:00.000-07:00

English Southern Sea former inlet of the North Sea. From the 13th to the 20th century, the Zuiderzee penetrated The Netherlands and occupied some 2,000 square miles (5,000 square km); it was separated from the North Sea by an arc of former sandflats that are now the West Frisian Islands. From about AD 400 these low-lying sandflats were inhabited by the Frisians, who in the face of rising sea levels built the first

North Germanic Languages

2004-08-28T04:55:00.000-07:00

About 125 inscriptions dated from AD 200 to 600, carved in the older runic alphabet (futhark), are chronologically and linguistically the oldest evidence of any Germanic language. Most are from Scandinavia, but enough have been found in southeastern Europe to suggest that the use of runes was also familiar to other Germanic tribes. Most inscriptions are brief, marking ownership

Vienne River

2004-08-27T14:53:00.000-07:00

River, western France, 217 mi (350 km) in length, a left-bank tributary of the Loire. Rising on the Plateau de Millevaches, the Vienne winds through the agricultural regions of five départements. It flows west-northwest into the Haute-Vienne département, receiving the Maulde and Taurion tributaries, which are dammed in several places, before it flows past the city of Limoges.

Pieman River

2004-08-24T21:36:00.000-07:00

River, northwestern Tasmania, Australia. It is formed near Tullah by the confluence of the Macintosh and Murchison rivers. The 61-mile- (98-kilometre-) long main stream is fed by the Huskisson and Stanley rivers and then flows generally west to its estuary, which also receives the Donaldson, Whyte, and Savage rivers at Hardwicke Bay on the Indian Ocean. The river was named for

General Store

2004-08-22T23:39:00.000-07:00

Retail store in a small town or rural community that carries a wide variety of goods, including groceries. In the United States the general store was the successor of the early trading post, which served the pioneers and early settlers. Located at a crossroads or in a village, it served the surrounding community and farmers from the neighbouring countryside and carried

Annenberg, Walter H.

2004-08-20T07:10:00.000-07:00

Annenberg was the only son of Moses Annenberg (1878–1942), a poor immigrant from East Prussia who became the millionaire publisher of The Philadelphia Inquirer and the horse-racing publications Daily Racing Form and Morning Telegraph. In 1939 Moses Annenberg was

AngryFlag

Spain, Music

Zalau

Domestic Shorthair

Sacred Kingship, The king as judge

Literature, Spain.

Saavedra (ramírez De Baquendano), ángel De, Duque De Rivas

Computers, Workstation computers

Indre River

Ma'an

Muktafi, Al-

David Ap Gruffudd

'abd Allah Ibn Al-'abbas

O Dalaigh, Cearbhall

Garba, Joseph Nanven

Insurance, Russia

Murcia

Anastasius Ii

Jackson

Ariadne

Landa, Diego De

Biblical Literature, The two- and four-source hypotheses

China, The chief councillors

Joyce, James

Wajda, Andrzej

Henri, Robert

Cumberland Presbyterian Church

Tableware

Ibn 'aqil

Qalam

Paprika

Metasomatic Replacement

Hans Adam Ii, Prince Of Liechtenstein

Balance Beam

Sarian, Martiros (sergeevich)

Durante, Francesco

Anna Comnena

Caucasian Languages, Grammatical characteristics

Sha'nabi, Mount Ash-

Episcopacy

Macaroni

Earth, Mountain building

Ukko

Gregory, Horace

Zonaras, Joannes

Nation, The

Rancé, Armand-jean Le Bouthillier De

East Aurora

Grand Guignol

Madonie, Le

Edenderry

Cimarosa, Domenico

Children's Literature, Overview

Kunlun Mountains

Utrecht, Treaties Of

Irrawaddy River

Coleraine

Metal Cut

Haeju

Andragoras

Encyclopedia Americana, The

Italy, The south, 7741000

Ahriman

Perrers, Alice

Carnivore, Distinguishing taxonomic features

Adams, Gerry

Peter The Great Bay

Spaniel

Delibes, (clément-philibert-)léo

Delibes, (clément-philibert-)léo

Ibert, Jacques

Professor Longhair

Coindre, André

Baz, 'abd Al-aziz Ibn Abdallah Ibn

Zala

Aeschylus

Interior Design, Design procedure

Indian Philosophy, The linguistic philosophies: Bhartrhari and Mandana-Misra

Atwater, Wilbur Olin

Durand, Guillaume

Italy, The south, 7741000